After the first time, try and summarise what the speaker is generally talking about in one or two sentences. ANSWER: The speaker is talking about the positives and negatives of daylight savings time any broadly similar formulation is acceptable. Now listen again. This time you can make notes if you want to. After you have heard the recording again, you will have 1 minute to summarise the positive and negatives the speaker gives for daylight savings time.
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Performance Analysis. Before going on holiday in the summer of , he piled up the agar plates to make room for someone else to use his workbench in his absence and left the windows open. When he returned to work two weeks later, Fleming noticed mould growing on those culture plates that had not been fully immersed in sterilising agent.
This was not an unusual phenomenon, except in this case the particular mould seemed to have killed the staphylococcus aureus immediately surrounding it. He realised that this mould had potential. Fleming consulted a mycologist called C J La Touche, who occupied a laboratory downstairs containing many mould specimens possibly the source of the original contamination , and they concluded it was the Penicillium genus of ascomycetous fungi.
Fleming continued to experiment with the mould on other pathogenic bacteria, finding that it successfully killed a large number of them. Importantly, it was also non-toxic, so here was a bacteria-destroying agent that could be used as an antiseptic in wounds without damaging the human body. However, he was unsuccessful in his attempts to isolate the active antibacterial element, which he called penicillin.
In , he wrote a paper on his findings, published in the British Journal of Experimental Pathology, but it failed to kindle any interest at the time. In collaboration with his colleague Dr Ernst Chain, and other skilled chemists, he worked on producing a usable drug.
They experimented on mice infected with streptococcus. Those untreated died, while those injected with penicillin survived. It was time to test the drug on humans but they could not produce enough — it took 2, litres of mould culture fluid to acquire enough penicillin to treat a single patient. Their first case in , an Oxford police officer who was near death as a result of infection by both staphylococci and streptococci, rallied after five days of treatment but, when the supply of penicillin ran out, he eventually died.
In , Florey and biochemist Dr Norman Heatley went to the United States to team up with American scientists with a view to finding a way of making large quantities of the drug. It became obvious that Penicillium notatum would never generate enough penicillin for effective treatments so they began to look for a more productive species.
One day a laboratory assistant turned up with a melon covered in mould. Manufacture could begin in earnest. The standardisation and large-scale production of the penicillin drug during World War II and its availability for treating wounded soldiers undoubtedly saved many lives.
It has since proved its worth in the treatment of many life-threatening infections such as tuberculosis, meningitis, diphtheria and several sexually-transmitted diseases. Fleming has always been acknowledged as the discoverer of penicillin. However, the development of a commercial penicillin drug was due to the skill of chemical scientists Florey, Chain and others who overcame the difficulties of converting it into a usable form.
Fleming and Florey received knighthoods in and they, together with Chain, were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in Fleming was mindful of the dangers of resistance to penicillin early on and he expressly warned on many occasions against overuse of the drug, because this would lead to bacterial resistance.
Ironically, the occurrence of resistance is pushing the drive today to find new, more powerful antibiotics. Reading Passage 1 has eight paragraphs, A—H. Write the correct letter, A—H , in boxes 1—6 on your answer sheet.
Write your answers in boxes 7—10 on your answer sheet. In a bid to find a safe and effective antiseptic, Dr Fleming was growing staphylococcus. On his return from 7 ……………….. A 8 ……………….. Fleming found that it was active against several different. Write your answers in boxes 11—13 on your answer sheet. You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions which are based on Reading Passage 2 below. In , in a more serious effort, New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson proposed a biannual two-hour shift closely resembling current forms of DST.
His cause was not taken up, however, until Germany first pushed their clocks forward in April as part of a drive to save fuel in World War I. Over the next several decades, global use of DST was sporadic and inconsistent. Client devices are not restarted automatically after the operation. To complete the operation, you must restart a device for example, manually or through a device management task.
Information about the required restart is saved in the task results and in the device status. This option is suitable for tasks on servers and other devices where continuous operation is critical.
Client devices are always restarted automatically if a restart is required for completion of the operation. This option is useful for tasks on devices that provide for regular pauses in their operation shutdown or restart. The restart reminder is displayed on the screen of the client device, prompting the user to restart it manually.
Some advanced settings can be defined for this option: text of the message for the user, the message display frequency, and the time interval after which a restart will be forced without the user's confirmation.
This option is most suitable for workstations where users must be able to select the most convenient time for a restart. If this option is enabled, the application prompts the user to restart the operating system with the specified frequency. By default, this option is enabled. The default interval is 5 minutes.
Available values are between 1 and 1 minutes. After prompting the user, the application forces restart of the operating system upon expiration of the specified time interval. The default delay is 30 minutes. Running applications may prevent a restart of the client device. For example, if a document is being edited in a word processing application and is not saved, the application does not allow the device to restart. If this option is enabled, such applications on a locked device are forced to close before the device restart.
As a result, users may lose their unsaved changes. If this option is disabled, a locked device is not restarted. The task status on this device states that a device restart is required.
Users have to manually close all applications running on locked devices and restart these devices. Select the schedule according to which the task runs, and configure the selected schedule. The task runs regularly, with the specified interval in hours, starting from the specified date and time.
By default, the task runs every six hours, starting from the current system date and time. The task runs regularly, with the specified interval in days.
Additionally, you can specify a date and time of the first task run. These additional options become available, if they are supported by the application for which you create the task. By default, the task runs every day, starting from the current system date and time.
The task runs regularly, with the specified interval in weeks, on the specified day of week and at the specified time. The task runs regularly, with the specified interval in minutes, starting from the specified time on the day that the task is created.
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